Electronic Government and Digital Divide. From Theoretical Expectations to an Unclear Reality
Mots-clés :
Electronic government, Communication and information techonology, Digital divideRésumé
The explosive growth of Internet use in recent years and the rapid development of electronic commerce in the private sector have created significant pressures on the public sector to offer electronic services to citizens. Information technology has become an essential element of administrative reform all over the world. However, while the use of information technology is growing rapidly, some parts of society/of the world remain increasingly far behind in this respect. The term digital divide is generally used to describe patterns of unequal access to information technologies. The present work represents a theoretical insight which attempts to clarify the role that information technology can play in governance and the consequences related to the implementation of these technologies, as the emergence of digital divides. Though, unsurprisingly, it is perceived as being linked to unequal access (to the internet or to computers) this paper shows multiple facets of this concept, and, consequently, the major difficulties related to measurement and evaluation of this phenomenon.Références
Adam, N., Stubbs, V. and Woods, V. (2005). Psychological barriers to Internet usage among older adults in the UK. Medical Informatics and the Internet in Medicine, 30(1), 3-17.
Adriani F., Becchetti L. (2003). Does the Digital Divide Matter? The role of ICT in cross-country level and growth estimates. CEIS Tor Vergata.
Benjamin M. (2001). Re-examining the Digital Divide, Internet and Telecom Consortium, MIT.
Brown, D. (1999). Information Systems for Improved Performance Management: Development Approaches in U.S. Public Agencies. În Richard Heeks (editor), Reinventing Government in the Information Age (p. 113-134). New York: Routledge.
Carter, L. & Belanger, F. (2005). The utilization of e-government services: citizen trust, innovation and acceptance. Information Systems Journal, 15, 5-25.
Chin M.D., Fairlie R.W. (2004). The determinants of the Global Digital Divide: A Cross-Countrz Analzsis of Computer and Internet Penetration, Economic Growts Center Yale Univeristy.
Choudrie, J., Ghinea G. si Weerakkody V., (2004). Evaluating Global E-Government Sites: A View Using Web Diagnostic Tools. 2(2), 104-114, disponibil la http://www.ejeg.com/volume-2/volume2-issue2/v2-i2-art4.htm.
Cole J.I. et al., (2004). The Digital Future Report, USC Center for the Digital Future.
Compaine, B. (2001). The Digital Divide: Facing a crisis or creating a mith? Cambridge: MIT Press.
Compaine, B. and Weinraub, M. (2001). Universal access to online services: An examination of the issue. În Compaine, Benjamin (ed.), The Digital Divide: Facing a crisis or creating a mith?. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Cullen, R. (2006). E-government and the Digital Divide. În Peter Hernon (ed.), Comparative Perspectives on E-Government, Lanham: The Scarecrow Press.
European Commission. (2010a). A Digital Agenda for Europe, European Commission, Brussels. Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu (Accessed November 19, 2010).
European Commission. (2010b). Europe’s Digital Competitiveness Report 2010 European Commission, Brussels. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/ information_society/digital-agenda (Accessed November 19, 2010).
Ferr E., Cantamessa M., Polucci E. (2005), Urban Versus Regional Divide: Comparing and Classifying Digital Divide. În Michael Bohlen, Johann Gamper, Wolfgang Polasek, Maria Wimmer (eds.) E-government: Towards Electronic Democracy, Proceedings of TCGOV, Berlin: Springer.
Finger, M. si Pecound, G. (2003). From E-Government to E-Governance? Towards a Model of E-Governance. Electronic Journal of E-Government, 1(1), disponibil la http://www.ejeg.com/volume-1/volume1-issue-1/issue1-art1.htm
Fountain, J. (2001). Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change. Washington DC: Brooking Institution.
Hargittai, Eszter (2002). Beyond logs and surveys: In-depth measures of people’s Web use skills. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology Perspectives, 53(14), 1239 – 1244.
Hiller, J. si Belanger, F., (2001). Privacy Strategies for Electronic Government. E-Government Series. Arlington VA: Pricewaterhouse Coopers Endowment for the Business of Government.
Holzer, M., & Kim, S. (2005). Digital Governance in Municipalities Worldwide (2005). A Longitudinal Assessment of Municipal Websites Through the World. The E-Governance Institute, National Center for Public Productivity, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Global e-Policy e-Government Institute, Graduate School of Governance Sungkyunkwan University, http://www.andromeda.rutgers.edu/~ egovinst/Website/researchpg.htm.
Hsinchun Chen et al. (2008). Digital Government: E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation, Springer, New York.
ITU. (2010). Measuring the Information Society. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva.
ITU. (2011). The World in 2011 – ICT Facts and Figures, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/facts/2011/material/ICTFactsFigures2011.pdf
Layene, K. s Lee J. (2001). Developing Fully Functional E-Government: A Four Stage Model. Government Information Quartely, 18 (2), 122-136.
Lazarus, W. and Mora, Fr. (2000). Online content for low-income and underserved americans: The digital divide’s new frontier. Santa Monica: The Children’s Partnership.
Martin, B. si Byrne, J. (2003). Implementing E-Government: Widening the Lens. Electronic Journal of E-Government, 1(1), disponibil la http://www.ejeg.com/volume-1/volume1-issue-1/issue1-art2.htm
Min, S.-J. (2010). From the Digital Divide to the Democratic Divide: Internet Skills, Political Interest, and the Second-Level Digital Divide in Political Internet Use, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 22-35.
Moon, M. J. (2002). The Evolution of E-government Among Municipalities: Rhetoric or Reality?, Public Administration Review, 62 (4), 424-434.
Moon, M. Jae si Stuart Bretschneider. 2002. Does the Perception of Red Tape Constrain IT Innovativeness in Organizations? Unexpected Results from Simultaneous Equation Model and Implications. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 12 (2): 273-291.
Mossberger, K., Caroline J Tolbert, Mary Stansbury. 2003. Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide (American Governance and Public Policy), Georgetown University Press, Washington DC.
Mossberger, K., Tolbert C. & Stansbury M., (2003). Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
National Telecommunications and Information Administration (2000). Falling through the net: Toward digital inclusion, disponibil la http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fttn00/ contents00.html
National Telecommunications and Information Administration, (2004). A nation online: Entering the broadband age, disponibil la http://www.ntia.doc.gov/reports/anol2004/NationOnlineBroadband04.htm.
Norris, D. F. si Moon M. Jae. (2005). Advancing E-Government at the Grassroots: Tortise or Hare? Public Administration Review, 65(1), 64-75.
Norris, P. (1999). Who Surfs? New Technology, Old Voters, and Virtual Democracy. În Elaine Ciulla Kamarck si Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (editori). Democracy.com? Governance in Networked World (pp. 71-94. Hollis), NH: Hollis Publishing Company.
Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nye, Jr. J. (1999). Information Technology and Democratic Governance. În Elaine Ciulla Kamarck si Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (editori). Democracy.com? Governance in Networked World (pp. 1-18). Hollis, NH: Hollis Publishing Company.
O’Hara, K. & Stevens, D. (2006). Inequality.com: Power, poverty and the digital divide. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
OECD. (2001). Understanding the Digital Divide, Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Sanyal, B. (2000). From dirt road to information superhighway: Advanced information technology (AIT) and the future of urban poor. În Cities in the telecomunication age: The Fracturing of geographies, James Wheeler (ed.), New York: Routledge.
Sevron, L. (2002). Bridging the Digital Divide: Technology, Community and Public Policy, Malden: Blakwell Publishing.
Sprecher, M., (2000). Racing to E-government: Using the Internet for Citizen Service Delivery. Government Finance Review, 16 (5), 21-22.
Stanley L. D. (2003). Beyond access: psychosocial barriers to computer literacy. The Information Society, 19(5), 407–416.
Tat-Kei H. (2002). Reinventing Local Governments and the E-Government Initiative. Public Administration Review, 62(4), 434-445.
Thierer, Adam (2000). How free computers are filling the digital divide. The Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, no. 1361, Washington DC: Heritage Foundation.
Thomas, J.C. and Streib, G. (2003). The New Face of Government: Citizen-Initiated Contacts in the Era of E-Government, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 13(1), 83-102.
United Nations and American Society for Public Administration. 2001. Global Survey of E-government. Disponibil la http://www.unpan.org/egovernment2.asp.
United Nations. (2008). United Nations e-Government Survey 2008. From e-Government to Connected Governance. United Nations, New York.
United Nations. (2009). Report of the Expert Group Meeting the E-government Survey; Getting to the next level. New York: United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affaires.
Van Dijk, J. & Hacker, K. (2003). The digital divide as a complex and dynamic phenomenon. The Information Society, 19(4), 315-326.
Van Dijk, J. (1999). The Network Society, Social aspects of the new media. London: Sage Publications.
Van Dijk, J. (2005). The deepening divide: Inequality in the information society, London: Sage Publications.
Warschauer, M. (2003). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Wyatt, S. et. al., (2009). Tehnology and In/equality. Questioning the Information Society, Routledge, London.
***. (2003). Monitoring the Digital Divide … And beyond, Orbicom, Montreal.
