KURDISH NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN TURKEY
Keywords:
nationalism, identity, conflict, kurds, TurkeyAbstract
Nationalism has been continuously drawing the public attention because of the conceptual content and its proteiform approach, because of the effects that it produces, which sometimes are taken to extremes, and most of all because of the particularities of the cultural spaces that host it. In a perfect symbiosis with the concept of nation, nationalism brings an undeniable contribution to the identitary configuration of a group. A nation’s identity outlines its distinctive characteristics from other nations or peoples and it draws its cultural, spiritual, historical and linguistic specificities by creating the premises of the identitary pattern. There are several nations with a significant historical path in terms of conflicts that have defined their evolution, and the Kurdish population in Turkey is a relevant example. This is why we propose a theoretical approach of the Kurdish nationalism, from conceptualizing strong terms of our speech such as ‘identity' or the ‘politics of recognition’ to profiling the most important milestones of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict from 1978 to present. The purpose of this article resides in a theoretical approach of one important statement: taking ownership on the national identity goes farther than just the feeling of belonging to a nation-state. In the case of the Kurdish minority, this claim is strongly confirmed, as the Kurdish population has very significant presences in countries like Turkey, Iran, Iraq or Syria.References
Brandon, J. (2016, 17 Octombrie).The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK, Terrorism Focus (3), The Jamestown Foundation: Global Research and Analy-sis, preluat de pe https://jamestown.org pe 27.10.2019
Center for Security Studies of Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (2014, 25 Noiembrie). Turkey and the PKK: Saving the Peace Process, preluat de pe http://www.css.ethz.ch pe 28.10.2019
Central Intelligence Agency (2019). The World Factbook, preluat de pe https://www.cia.gov pe 30.10.2019
Comisia Europeană (2013). Turkey Progress Report, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2013-2014
Comisia Europeană (2018). Commission Staff Working Document - Turkey 2018 report
Constituția Turciei (1982). preluat de pe https://global.tbmm.gov.tr pe 31.10.2019
Council of Foreign Affairs (2019, 31 Octombrie). Conflict Between Turkey and Armed Kurdish Groups, preluat de pe https://www.cfr.org pe 31.10.2019
Council of Foreign Affairs (2019, Octombrie). The Kurds’ Quest for Independence, preluat de pe https://www.cfr.org pe 30.10.2019
Daily Sabah, (2019, 26 August). Last 17 years a golden era for minority communities, witnessing period of increased rights, preluat de pe https://www.dailysabah.com pe 30.10.2019
Danforth, N. (2016).Turkey’s Kurdish Problem – Then and Now, Center for Security Problems, Foreign Policy Research Institute, preluat de pe https://www.fpri.org pe 29.10.2019
Dayton, R. (2013). Identity and Conflict: PKK vs. Turkey (1984-Present), Florida In-ternational University – Student Research (2), preluat de pe https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu pe 29.10.2019
Dewdney, J., Yapp, M. (iunie 2018). The Kurdish Conflict, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc, preluat de pe https://www.britannica.com pe 28.10.2019
Elphinston, W. G. (1948). Kurds and the Kurdish Question, Journal of The Royal Cen-tral Asian Society 35(1), pp. 38-51
Fundația Institutului Kurd de la Paris, (2016). Distribuția populației kurde la nivel glo-bal, preluat de pe https://www.institutkurde.org), pe 31.10.2019
Gelner, E. (1983). Naţiuni și naţionalism. Noi perspective asupra trecutului, Antet
Kohn, H. (1965). Nationalism. Its meaning and history, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company Malabar, Florida
Kurds’ Peoples’ Democratic Party – Representation in Europe (2019). History of Kurd-ish Political Parties, preluat de pe http://en.hdpeurope.com pe 28.10.2019
Leca, J., (2002). Despre ce vorbim, Națiuni și naționalisme, Corint, pp. 12-20
Lederer, E.M., (2019, 28 Octombrie). Turkey will attack Kurdish fighters who remain near border with Syria, Military Times, preluat de pe https://www.militarytimes.com pe 30.10.2019
McDowall, D. (2004). A Modern History of the Kurds, Londra: Palgrave Macmillan
Miller, D., (2000). Citizenship and National Identity, Polity Press
Ministerul Educației din Turcia, (2003, Decembrie). Regulation on Teaching Different Languages and Dialects that the Turkish Citizens Use Traditionally in their Daily Lives
Minority Rights Group International, (2018, Iunie). World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, preluat de pe https://minorityrights.org pe 31.10.2019
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (2017, Februarie). Report on the Human Rights Situation in South-East Turkey, preluat de pe https://www.ohchr.org pe 28.10.2019
Ozpek, B.B., (2017). Paradigm Shift between Turkey and the Kurds: From ‘Clash of the Titans’ to ‘Game of Thrones’, Middle East Critique, 27(1), pp. 43-60
Smith, A. D., (1991). National Identity, Pinguin Books Ltd
Pike, J., (2004). The Workers’ Party of Kurdistan (PKK). Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Turkey, Federation of American Scientists, preluat de pe https://fas.org pe 27.10.2019
Pike, J., (2019). Kurdistan Workers’ Party, preluat de pe https://www.globalsecurity.org pe 27.10.2019
Yadirgi, V., (2017). The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey, From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic, Cambridge University Press
Yavuz, H. (2001). Five Stages of the Construction of Kurdish Nationalism in Kurdistan, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 7(3), pp. 1-24
